AWWA ACE63255

This slide presentation outlines information on line diffusers, a free bubble hypolimnetic diffuser system designed to place oxygen in specific layers and areas of the reservoir to achieve optimized dissolved oxygen (DO) enhancement. Oxygen bubbles are spread over large areas to obtain high oxygen transfer efficiencies and minimize vertical mixing. Diffusers up to a mile long are utilized to spread oxygen input into the reservoir and are located at specific elevations above the reservoir bottom. Oxygen outflow distribution along the length of the diffuser is controlled with engineered orifice sizes. Oxygen supply for the diffusers is outlined, along with sources for supplying gas and previous applications that include: Los Vaqueros Reservoir Contra Costa County Water District Livermore, California 2000; Upper San Leandro Reservoir East Bay Municipal Utility District 2001; Lake Wallenpaupack PPL Generation Services Hawley, Pennsylvania 2004; Carvins Cove Reservoir Western Virginia Water Authority Roanoke, Virginia 2005; and, Calaveras Reservoir San Francisco Public Utility Commission Milpitas, California 2005. Includes figures.