AWWA ACE70891

This powerpoint presentation begins by providing a brief overview of Singapore's membrane capacity per capita and its conversion from granular media to membranes. Membrane equipment, operating conditions, mixed siphon and pump system, schedule, cost summary, and site tour are all presented. Conclusions indicate that: the Chua Chu Kang Water Treatment Plant upgrade was the largest retrofitted membrane plant, 182 MLD (48 mgd) in Asia Pacific and 2nd largest in the world; immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane retrofitted from existing sand filters; enhanced water quality and achieved micro-animal algae-free drinking water; innovatively designed for energy and chemical efficiency; and, first plant to use a mixed pump-siphon system. Includes table, figures.