AWWA MTC53711

When using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membranes in large-scale (drinking)water applications, a stable operation of the installation is required to minimize costs. Foulingof membranes will cause an increase in costs due to (among others) increased energydemand, additional costs for cleaning, additional labor and a shorter lifetime of themembranes. Therefore it is essential to spot and identify fouling of membranes at an earlystage. This paper briefly discusses the causes of fouling and improvements in the normalization of NF/RO plant operational data.