AWWA WQTC55044

This paper discusses chromium control technology cost estimates that were developed for ion exchange, a proprietary ion exchange system (ISEP), and reverse osmosis. Precipitative processes in conjunction with microfiltration were considered; however, since the effectiveness of such processes to reduce chromium is speculative, cost estimates were not developed for that technology. Treatment capital costs were amortized and combined with annual operation and maintenance costs to determine total annual costs. Total production costs were also developed. Finally, the implications for utilities to control chromium are discussed. Includes 2 references, figures.