S50 -- Thermal Storage (SI)

Thermal storage systems remove heat from or add heat to a storage medium for use at another time. Thermal energy storage (TES) for HVAC and/or domestic water-heating applications can involve various temperatures associated with heating or cooling. High-temperature storage is typically associated with solar energy or high-temperature heating, and cool storage with air-conditioning, refrigeration, or cryogenic-temperature processes. Energy may be charged, stored, and discharged daily, weekly, annually, or in seasonal or rapid batch process cycles. Fast-acting and/or grid-interactive energy storage systems can provide balancing services and other critical needs of the electric grid, such as frequency control and renewable energy integration. These grid-interactive systems dynamically couple consumer energy usage to the grid’s real-time needs. Historically, thermal storage has been used for comfort and process heating and cooling applications as a way to reduce the total utility bill and/or size of heating and cooling equipment. Sensible Thermal Storage Technology Latent Cool Storage Technology Chiller and Ice Storage Selection Heat Storage Technology Sizing Cool Storage Systems Application of Thermal Storage Systems Operation and Control Other Design Considerations Cost Considerations Maintenance Considerations Commissioning Good Practices