AWWA ACE69124

Today, reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and electrodialysis reversal (EDR) are the most commonly used desalting processes for potable water treatment in the United States, typically treating brackish or impaired water supplies. Globally, many seawater RO water treatment plants (WTPs) have been operating successfully for more than 30 years (Redondo 2001. Busch and Mickols 2004). However, synthetic membrane processes produce permeate water depleted in minerals that is often found to be aggressive towards distribution system components. Moreover, the water produced by membrane processes is typically incompatible with existing water distribution system infrastructure. Post-treatment is thus needed for municipal water treatment before the membrane-treated water is delivered to the distribution system as finished water. Includes 62 references, figures.